What is osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder characterized by loss of bone density and deterioration of bone tissue which results in increased bone fragility and high fracture risk. Condition is most commonly seen in older adults, especially in postmenopausal women.
What are common symptoms of osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis is often asymptomatic, especially in early stages. With progression, symptoms may include frequent fractures, back pain (due to collapsed vertebra), loss of height, and a hunched posture (kyphosis).
How is osteoporosis diagnosed?
- History and physical exam
- Bone mineral density test or DEXA scan
- Fracture history
- Risk assessment tools (FRAX)
What are the treatment options for osteoporosis?
- Medications
- Bisphosphonates – antiresorptive, slow bone loss
- alendronate (Fosamax)
- risedronate (Actonel)
- ibandronate (Boniva)
- zoledronic acid (Recast)
- RANKL inhibitors – antiresorptive, slow bone loss
- denosumab (Prolia)
- Parathyroid Hormone Analogs – anabolic, build new bone
- teriparatide (Forteo)
- abaloparatide (Tymlos)
- Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) – antiresorptive, mimic estrogen’s effects on bone
- raloxifene (Evista)
- Hormone therapy
- Calcitonin
- Bisphosphonates – antiresorptive, slow bone loss
What can patients do to help manage?
- Lifestyle modifications
- Calcium and vitamin D intake
- Weight- bearing and muscle-strengthening exercise
- Smoking and alcohol cessation